Fontana Maggiore
- Introduction
- A Masterpiece of Medieval Sculpture
- The Three Tiers of the Fountain
- The Sculptor: Nicola Pisano
- The Subject Matter of the Reliefs
- The Water Spouts
- Conservation and Restoration
- Urban Context
- Hidden Details and Symbolism
- Fontana Maggiore's Influence
- Visiting the Fontana Maggiore
- A Unique Experience
- Legends and Myths
- Ecological and Environmental Significance
- Insider Tip
Introduction
In the heart of Assisi, a medieval gem nestled amidst the rolling hills of Umbria, stands the enchanting Fontana Maggiore, a masterpiece of medieval sculpture that has captivated and inspired pilgrims and travelers for centuries. Built during the 13th century, this magnificent fountain is not just an ordinary source of water but a testament to the city's artistic heritage and a symbol of its deep religious devotion. Perfectly positioned in the Piazza del Comune, Assisi's central square, the fountain stands as a focal point, drawing visitors from all over the world to marvel at its intricate carvings and allegorical figures. With its historical significance, artistic beauty, and religious symbolism, the Fontana Maggiore has earned its place as one of Italy's most beloved and iconic landmarks, an eternal source of wonder and fascination.
The fountain's construction was commissioned in 1277 by the city of Assisi, which sought to create a grand public fountain to replace the several smaller fountains spread throughout the town. The task was entrusted to a renowned sculptor and architect, Nicola Pisano, whose innovative approach to sculpture would forever change the course of Italian art. Using local pink and white limestone, Pisano and his team of skilled craftsmen embarked on a monumental project that would take over three years to complete, resulting in a masterpiece that has stood the test of time, a testament to the enduring power of art and human ingenuity.
A Masterpiece of Medieval Sculpture
The Fontana Maggiore is considered a masterpiece of medieval sculpture for its artistic style and techniques. The fountain was created in the Gothic style, which was popular in Europe during the Middle Ages. The Gothic style is characterized by its use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. The Fontana Maggiore also features a number of sculptures in the Gothic style, including the bronze statues of the four patron saints of Assisi.
The fountain was created using a variety of techniques, including carving, casting, and gilding. The lower basin was carved from a single block of limestone. The middle basin was cast in bronze, and the upper basin was gilded with gold leaf. The fountain also features a number of mosaics, which were created using small pieces of colored glass or stone.
The Fontana Maggiore is not only a masterpiece of medieval sculpture, but it is also a significant work of art in its own right. The fountain's unique design and symbolism make it a must-see for anyone visiting Assisi.
The Three Tiers of the Fountain
The Fontana Maggiore's three tiers represent a hierarchical division of the universe, each featuring unique artistic elements and symbolism. The lower basin is adorned with water spouts in the form of lion heads and reliefs depicting scenes from the Old Testament. The middle basin displays bronze statues representing the virtues of Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance, accompanied by reliefs depicting scenes from the New Testament and the Liberal Arts. The upper basin, the fountain's crowning glory, showcases allegorical figures representing the months and seasons, culminating in a pinnacle that symbolizes the triumph of the Church.
The lower basin, with its water spouts and reliefs, establishes a connection between the earthly and spiritual realms. The lion heads, symbolizing strength and majesty, evoke the biblical prophecies of Christ as the "Lion of Judah". The reliefs, featuring stories of creation, the fall of man, and the patriarchs, narrate the Old Testament's foundational events. The middle basin, with its bronze statues and reliefs, represents the realm of human virtues and the teachings of Christ. The virtues, personified by majestic figures, embody moral and ethical principles that guide human conduct. The reliefs, depicting scenes from the life of Jesus and the apostles, as well as personifications of the Liberal Arts, emphasize the harmonious integration of faith and reason.
The upper basin represents the celestial realm and the triumph of the Church. The allegorical figures, representing the months and seasons, symbolize the cyclical nature of time and the order of the universe. The pinnacle, adorned with a statue of the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus, signifies the ultimate triumph of the Church and the promise of salvation. This hierarchical arrangement, from the earthly to the celestial, invites viewers to contemplate the interconnectedness of the physical and spiritual worlds, and the ultimate purpose of human existence.
The Sculptor: Nicola Pisano
Nicola Pisano, the creator of the Fontana Maggiore, was a pioneer of the 13th century, who forever changed the course of Italian sculpture. His works marked a transition from the rigid, hieratic style of the Romanesque period to the more naturalistic, emotive style of the Early Renaissance. Born in Pisa around 1220, Pisano exhibited artistic prowess from a young age. He was a versatile artist, crafting delicate ivories, intricate pulpits, and monumental sculptures. His works adorned several cathedrals and public spaces throughout Italy, including the Baptistery of Pisa and the Siena Cathedral.
Pisano's revolutionary approach to sculpture stemmed from his extensive study of ancient Roman art. He drew inspiration from classical Roman sarcophagi and sculptures, incorporating elements of their naturalistic style and classical proportions into his works. This approach was groundbreaking, as it revived the interest in classical aesthetics that had been dormant for centuries.
Nicola Pisano's influence extended far beyond his lifetime. His innovative approach to sculpture laid the foundation for the development of the Renaissance style, inspiring subsequent generations of artists, including his son Giovanni Pisano, who continued his father's legacy. The Fontana Maggiore stands as a testament to Nicola Pisano's artistic genius, showcasing his mastery of sculpture and his pivotal role in ushering in a new era of artistic expression.
The Subject Matter of the Reliefs
The reliefs on the fountain's basins depict a wide range of subjects, drawing from both the Old and New Testaments, as well as the Virtues and the Liberal Arts. Each basin features a distinct theme, providing a rich narrative that unfolds as visitors walk around the fountain.
The lower basin, with its water spouts in the form of lion heads, is adorned with reliefs depicting scenes from the Old Testament. These scenes include the creation of Adam and Eve, the fall of man, the story of Noah's ark, and the sacrifice of Isaac. The reliefs serve as a reminder of the origins of the world and the struggles faced by humankind.
The middle basin, supported by bronze statues of griffins, features reliefs depicting scenes from the New Testament. The central theme of this basin is the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Visitors can see scenes such as the Annunciation, the Nativity, the Crucifixion, and the Resurrection. These reliefs celebrate the Christian faith and the salvation brought by Jesus.
The upper basin, with its allegorical figures and pinnacle, showcases reliefs depicting the Virtues and the Liberal Arts. The Virtues are personified as female figures and include Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude. The Liberal Arts are represented by male figures and encompass subjects such as Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic, and Music. These reliefs symbolize the pursuit of knowledge and the importance of education in shaping a well-rounded individual.
The Water Spouts
The Fontana Maggiore's water spouts are not merely decorative elements; they are intricately designed to enhance the fountain's symbolism and functionality. The most striking feature of the water spouts is the lion heads, which are a common motif in medieval art. Lions are traditionally associated with strength, courage, and majesty, and their presence on the fountain suggests that the city of Assisi is under divine protection.
The lion heads are also associated with the astrological sign of Leo, which is connected to the element of fire. Water and fire are two of the four classical elements that were believed to make up the universe, and their presence on the fountain symbolizes the harmony and balance of the natural world.
The water that flows from the lion's mouths is also highly symbolic, representing the life-giving force that nourishes the city. Water was essential for the survival of medieval cities, and the fountain's water spouts were a constant reminder of the importance of this precious resource.
The combination of the lion heads and the flowing water creates a dynamic and visually appealing display that enhances the fountain's overall aesthetic appeal.
Conservation and Restoration
Despite its resilience and enduring beauty, the Fontana Maggiore has faced various challenges throughout its long history. The fountain's location in the heart of Assisi has exposed it to the elements, leading to weathering and deterioration of its stone surfaces. Additionally, the fountain has been damaged by earthquakes, vandalism, and neglect.
In the 19th century, a major restoration effort was undertaken to address the fountain's deteriorating condition. This involved cleaning, repairing, and replacing damaged elements, as well as adding a new foundation to stabilize the structure. In the 1980s, another restoration project was carried out, which focused on treating the fountain's stone surfaces with protective coatings to prevent further damage from weathering.
Maintaining and preserving the Fontana Maggiore is an ongoing challenge, as the fountain continues to be exposed to the elements and the wear and tear of time. Regular inspections and maintenance are carried out to identify and address any potential issues before they cause significant damage. The fountain's custodians are committed to preserving this iconic work of art for future generations, ensuring that it remains a source of inspiration and wonder for centuries to come.
Urban Context
The Fontana Maggiore stands at the heart of Assisi's historic center, in the Piazza del Comune, a picturesque town square lined with medieval buildings and shops. The fountain's central location and striking beauty make it a natural gathering place and social hub for locals and visitors alike.
Throughout history, the fountain has served as a backdrop for countless city festivals, celebrations, and religious processions. During the annual Calendimaggio festival, the square comes alive with music, dancing, and traditional costumes, and the fountain serves as a focal point for the festivities. The fountain's central location and proximity to the city's main attractions make it a popular starting point for guided tours and walking itineraries. Whether you're admiring its intricate carvings up close or taking a leisurely break on a nearby bench, the Fontana Maggiore is an integral part of the urban fabric of Assisi, inviting you to soak in its history and charm.
Hidden Details and Symbolism
The iconography of the Fontana Maggiore is rich in hidden meanings and symbolism. Every detail, from the smallest animal to the most intricate leaf, has a specific significance.
For example, the reliefs of the lower basin feature a number of animals that represent the different Christian virtues: the pelican symbolizes charity, the peacock represents immortality, the lion represents strength, and the eagle represents courage.
The fountain's zodiac signs are also laden with symbolism. Aries, the ram, represents the beginning of spring and the start of a new cycle. Taurus, the bull, represents strength and power. Gemini, the twins, represents duality and the two sides of human nature.
The fountain's measurements also hold numerological significance. The number 12, which appears frequently throughout the fountain, symbolizes the twelve months of the year, the twelve apostles, and the twelve tribes of Israel.
Discovering the hidden meanings behind the Fontana Maggiore's iconography is a rewarding experience that adds depth and richness to the appreciation of this masterpiece.
Fontana Maggiore's Influence
The Fontana Maggiore's influence on the development of Italian sculpture was profound. It marked a turning point in the transition from the Romanesque to the Gothic style, and its innovative approach to sculpture had a lasting impact on subsequent generations of artists. The fountain's realistic portrayal of human figures and its use of classical motifs were groundbreaking for the time, and they helped to usher in a new era of artistic expression.
The fountain's legacy can be seen in the work of many later sculptors, including Donatello, Michelangelo, and Bernini. Donatello, in particular, was inspired by the Fontana Maggiore's use of bronze and its naturalistic style. His bronze statue of David, created about a century after the Fontana Maggiore, is a clear homage to Nicola Pisano's work.
The Fontana Maggiore's influence extended beyond sculpture. It also inspired the development of other fountains and works of art. The Trevi Fountain in Rome, built in the 18th century, is directly modeled on the Fontana Maggiore. And the fountain's allegorical figures and zodiac signs have been copied and reinterpreted by artists throughout the centuries.
The Fontana Maggiore played a crucial role in shaping the artistic identity of Assisi. It is one of the city's most iconic landmarks, and it has been featured in countless works of art and literature. The fountain is a symbol of Assisi's rich history and its vibrant artistic heritage.
Visiting the Fontana Maggiore
To fully appreciate the beauty and significance of the Fontana Maggiore, it is essential to visit it in person. The fountain is located in the heart of Assisi's historic center, in the Piazza del Comune. It is easily accessible on foot from other major tourist attractions in the city, such as the Basilica of San Francesco and the Basilica of Santa Chiara.
The fountain is open to the public daily, and there is no admission fee. Visitors can admire the fountain from all angles and take their time to examine the intricate details of the sculptures. Guided tours of the fountain are also available, which provide a deeper understanding of its history, symbolism, and artistic significance.
To make the most of your visit, plan to spend at least an hour exploring the fountain. You can walk around the fountain, reading the inscriptions and examining the sculptures. There are also benches nearby where you can sit and take in the beauty of the fountain while enjoying the lively atmosphere of the piazza.
For a unique and immersive experience, visit the fountain at night when it is illuminated. The fountain's sculptures and water spouts create a magical and enchanting atmosphere under the moonlight.
A Unique Experience
Standing before the Fontana Maggiore is a remarkable experience that blends the senses and emotions. The fountain's intricate carvings, graceful lines, and harmonious proportions create a sensory feast that captivates the eye and mind. The play of light and shadow on the fountain's surface adds to its allure, casting ever-changing patterns and textures as the day progresses.
The fountain has a profound ability to transport visitors back in time. Its medieval aesthetics and iconography offer a glimpse into a world vastly different from our own. The scenes from the Bible and the representations of virtues and vices provide a window into the beliefs and values of the people who created and used the fountain.
But the Fontana Maggiore is not merely a historical relic. It continues to inspire awe and wonder in all who behold it. Its beauty, craftsmanship, and symbolism combine to create a work of art that transcends time and continues to captivate audiences centuries after its creation. The fountain's enduring appeal is a testament to the enduring power of art to move, inspire, and transport us to other realms.
Legends and Myths
The Fontana Maggiore is entwined with a rich tapestry of legends and myths that have captured the imaginations of generations. One of the most endearing tales involves Saint Francis of Assisi, the city's patron saint. According to legend, Saint Francis once preached to the birds that gathered around the fountain, captivating them with his gentle words and inspiring them to sing in harmony.
Another legend speaks of a dragon that once terrorized the city of Assisi. The dragon was said to have been slain by a brave knight who used the water from the fountain to quench the dragon's thirst before delivering the final blow. The dragon's blood, it is said, seeped into the fountain's waters, imbuing them with mystical powers.
Over the centuries, the Fontana Maggiore has come to symbolize hope and renewal. Its enduring presence has witnessed the city's trials and triumphs, serving as a reminder of the strength and resilience of the human spirit.
Ecological and Environmental Significance
The Fontana Maggiore served as a crucial source of water for the city of Assisi during medieval times, demonstrating an ingenious approach to water resource management. Constructed using sustainable materials such as local travertine stone, the fountain harmoniously blends with the natural surroundings of the city. Its design incorporates a complex system of pipes and channels, ensuring an efficient distribution of water throughout the city. Furthermore, the fountain's integration with the urban landscape showcases a profound understanding of the delicate balance between human settlements and the environment.
Insider Tip
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To fully appreciate the beauty and significance of the Fontana Maggiore, it's best to visit during the off-season or on a weekday to avoid the crowds. This will allow you to take your time to admire the details of the sculptures and soak in the atmosphere of the piazza.
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Join a guided tour of the fountain to learn more about its history, symbolism, and the life of Nicola Pisano. Tours are offered by the Assisi Tourist Office and provide a wealth of information that will enhance your understanding and appreciation of this masterpiece.
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After your visit to the fountain, take some time to explore the surrounding area. There are several excellent restaurants and cafes nearby where you can enjoy a leisurely lunch or dinner. Indulge in local Umbrian cuisine and savor the flavors of the region.
